Spain is a lively and geographically varied country, and its climate is much more mixed than many people think. It is often seen as always sunny and warm, but in reality Spain has many different types of weather. Its position on the Iberian Peninsula, its long coasts on both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and its many mountain ranges all play a big role. These factors create one of the most varied climates in Europe, with 13 different Köppen climate types.
From the green, rainy north on the Atlantic to the hot, dry plains in the southeast, Spain’s climate shows strong contrasts. You can find very hot summers, mild winters, or snowy mountain areas, depending on where you go. In some regions you can ski in the morning and sit by a subtropical coastline in the afternoon. This wide range of conditions makes Spain stand out in Europe.
How geography shapes Spain’s climate
Spain’s geography is the main reason for its many climate types. Most of the country sits on the Iberian Peninsula, with the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south and east. These two seas affect the weather in different ways. The Atlantic usually brings cooler, wetter weather, while the Mediterranean is linked with warmer, drier summers.
Inland, much of Spain is taken up by the Meseta Central, a large plateau 450-900 meters (1,500-3,000 feet) above sea level, cut across by mountains like the Sistema Central. Around this plateau are other major mountain chains: the Pyrenees in the northeast (on the border with France and Andorra), the Cordillera Cantábrica in the north, and the Sierra Nevada in the south, where Mulhacén rises to about 3,500 meters, the highest point on mainland Spain. These mountains block air masses, keep moisture on one side, and create dry “rain shadow” areas on the other. This leads to big differences in rainfall and temperature over short distances. The Pyrenees and Cantabrian ranges, for example, help hold warm, dry subtropical air over Spain in summer, while their southern slopes are often much drier than the lush northern side.
Main climate types found in Spain
Because of this complex geography, Spain has many climate types. Using the Köppen-Geiger system, the four most common are:
- Hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa)
- Warm-summer Mediterranean (Csb)
- Semi-arid (BSk)
- Oceanic (Cfb)
But the full picture is richer, with 13 Köppen climate types across the country.
Besides these main types, parts of Catalonia and Huesca have humid subtropical climates. There are several forms of continental climate (some with dry summers, others without), and high mountain zones with alpine and subarctic climates. The Canary Islands, away from the mainland, have their own mix of subtropical and even tropical influences. This wide spread of climates means most people can find the kind of weather they like somewhere in Spain.
What are the major climate zones in Spain?
To understand Spain’s climate, it helps to divide it into broad climate zones. Each zone has its own weather pattern, shaped by local landforms, distance from the sea, and wind directions. These zones run from the rainy green north to the dry southeast.
Many people think all of Spain has the same Mediterranean climate. While that type is common, there are big differences from region to region, and the country’s weather is far from uniform.
Mediterranean climate: Warm, dry summers and mild winters
The Mediterranean climate, mainly the hot-summer (Csa) and warm-summer (Csb) versions, is the most widespread, covering about 60.2% of Spain. It brings warm to very hot, dry summers and mild, wetter winters. You see the Csa climate along much of the Mediterranean coast, from the Portuguese border to mid-Granada province, and from Calpe to the French border.
Cities such as Málaga, Barcelona, Palma, and Seville show this pattern clearly. Summers are hot, often 24-32°C, with few rainy days. Winters are mild with rare frost, and most rain falls in autumn. Inland areas of Andalusia and Extremadura also have Csa conditions, with very hot, dry summers and gentle winters. The Csb (warm-summer Mediterranean) climate appears in parts of the northwest and in central-northern Spain at higher elevations, where summers are cooler but still dry compared to the rest of the year.
Oceanic climate: Humid and mild northern coast
From the Pyrenees to Galicia, along the Bay of Biscay, lies “Green Spain,” which has an oceanic climate (Cfb). This includes Galicia, the Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, and Navarre. Here the climate is very different from the Mediterranean south. Winters are relatively mild, and summers are warm but not very hot. The landscape stays green because rainfall is plentiful and fairly evenly spread over the year, often more than 1,000 mm annually.
The Atlantic Ocean keeps temperatures steady, with smaller changes between day and night and between seasons. Average temperatures go from about 9°C in January to 21°C in July. Summers are cooler and cloudier than in the south, but there is still plenty of pleasant, sunny weather. High humidity and offshore winds often bring fog and mist along the northwest coast, giving the region its distinctive feel.
Continental climate: Hot summers, cold winters in the interior
In the central parts of Spain, especially on the Meseta Central and other inland areas, the climate is more continental: warm-summer continental (Dfb) plus some semi-arid pockets. This central plateau, where Madrid lies, has big swings in temperature. Summers are usually very hot, often over 30°C and sometimes above 40°C. But due to altitude and dry air, nights can be quite cool, which offers relief from the daytime heat.
Winters in these inland areas are cold. Cold spells and strong winds from the snow-covered Sierras are common. Snow falls regularly in the mountains and sometimes on the plateau itself, where freezing temperatures and snow can occur. Rain is generally lower and more uneven than on the coasts, and high evaporation makes the land drier. Spring and early summer can be the wettest times, but rain often arrives in short, heavy showers that do not always help with long dry periods.
Semi-arid and desert climates: Southeastern Spain
Southeastern Spain, especially Almería, Murcia, and parts of Alicante, has semi-arid (BSh and BSk) and even hot desert (BWh) climates. This region is much drier than most of the country. Many places receive under 500 mm of rain per year, and areas such as Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park get less than 156 mm, making it one of the driest spots in Europe. Sunshine is plentiful for much of the year, and plants are sparse and drought-resistant.
Summers are extremely hot, and temperatures over 40°C are common. Drought can last into autumn. Similar dry conditions appear on parts of the central tablelands around Madrid and La Mancha, and in the Ebro Valley. These desert and semi-desert areas form a special ecological zone in Europe, marked by open, sun-baked landscapes.
Mountain climates: Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, and other ranges
Spain’s mountain systems-the Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, Sistema Central, and Cordillera Cantábrica-have mountain or alpine climates. As you climb higher, temperatures fall and rainfall usually increases, often as snow in the colder months. These regions contrast sharply with the warmer lowlands and offer cooler summers and snowy winters, ideal for skiing and other winter sports.
The Pyrenees in the north, with peaks such as Pico de Aneto, are generally colder than the Sierra Nevada in the south at the same height. But the Sierra Nevada is higher overall (Mulhacén is nearly 3,500 meters) and gets enough snow at the top for a ski season. Near Madrid, the Sierra de Guadarrama also has ski resorts, making mountain climates easy to reach. These areas are key for water storage and wildlife, and their special conditions support unique plant and animal life.
Subtropical climate: Canary Islands
The Canary Islands, off the northwest coast of Africa, have a distinct subtropical climate often called “perpetual spring.” Their southern latitude and the steadying effect of the Atlantic Ocean give them mild, fairly constant temperatures all year, usually between 18 and 26°C. This makes them attractive in any season for people looking for warmth and sun.
Most islands, especially Lanzarote and Fuerteventura in the east, are dry, with semi-arid or desert conditions. Some low coastal zones show tropical traits, with average temperatures in the coldest month above 18°C. The western islands receive more rain, and the mountains of La Gomera, La Palma, and Tenerife even have very wet areas with lush laurel forests (laurisilva). This mix of dry and wet, subtropical and tropical, creates a surprisingly varied climate in a small island group.
How does weather vary across regions of Spain?
Spain’s weather changes a lot from one area to another, often over short distances. This comes from the mix of climate zones shaped by mountains, plateaus, and the influence of two different seas. Knowing these patterns helps you enjoy the country’s landscapes and plan travel with realistic expectations.
From the cloudy, green north to the bright, dry south, each region has its own weather story and seasonal rhythm.
Northern and northwestern Spain: The Green Spain
Northern and northwestern Spain-Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, and the Basque Country-make up “Green Spain,” where the oceanic climate brings frequent rain and mild temperatures. Winters near the coast are usually gentle, around 10°C (50°F), though it is cooler inland and in the hills. Summers are warm but not very hot, averaging about 20°C (68°F), which can be a welcome change from the strong heat further south.
Rain is one of the main features, often over 1,000 mm (40 inches) per year, with autumn (October to December) usually the wettest period. Low-pressure systems from the Atlantic in autumn and winter help make this the cloudiest and wettest part of Spain. Humidity is high, and fog and mist along the northwest coast are common. Even so, summers still have plenty of sunny days for enjoying the green countryside and rough coastline.
Central plateau (Meseta Central): Extremes in temperature
The Meseta Central, the large plateau in central Spain, has a continental climate with big temperature swings. Summers are hot and dry. In Madrid, average highs reach 32.1°C (89.8°F) in July, and it can climb above 40°C (104°F). Low humidity makes the heat feel slightly less oppressive than in more humid coastal areas, and nights often cool down nicely.
Winters are quite cold. Madrid’s average winter temperature is around 8°C (46°F), but frost and snow are not rare. The plateau gets less rain than the northern coast-usually under 500 mm (20 inches) yearly-and the rain is irregular. After long dry summers, the land can look very dry and brown. Visitors to this region should be ready for both intense summer heat and chilly winter conditions.
Eastern and southern coastal Spain
The eastern and southern coasts, including the Costa Brava, Costa Blanca, Costa del Sol, and the Andalusian plain, mostly enjoy a Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry; winters are mild and sunny. Temperatures are more moderate than inland, with smaller day-night changes. Summer highs typically reach the high 20s and low 30s °C (80s and 90s °F). Humidity can be noticeable, but sea breezes often make afternoons more comfortable.
Winters are soft, and frost is rare. Málaga, for example, has some of the warmest coastal winters in Europe. Its special microclimate, helped by mountains sheltering it from cold northern winds, even allows tropical crops. Rainfall is lower than in the north, usually 400-800 mm (16-32 inches) per year, and June to August is very dry. North of Valencia, strong summer thunderstorms can develop, and around Barcelona, autumn often brings more rain than winter.
The Balearic Islands: Mediterranean influence
The Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera), east of the mainland, share a Mediterranean climate with the nearby coasts. They are popular holiday spots due to their hot, sunny summers and mild winters. Palma de Mallorca, for example, has warm summers, pleasant springs and autumns, and gentle winters. The surrounding sea softens both heat and cold, so temperatures are less extreme than inland.
There are still local differences. Menorca tends to be windier, which can make summers feel cooler and winters damper. Ibiza and Formentera are usually the driest and warmest. The mountains in northern Mallorca are cooler and may even see some snow in winter. Overall, the Balearics offer classic Mediterranean beach weather from late spring to early autumn.
The Canary Islands: Perpetual spring
The Canary Islands, near the Tropic of Cancer, have a subtropical Atlantic climate often called “eternal spring.” The cool Canary Current and nearby ocean waters keep temperatures steady all year, usually between 18°C and 26°C (64°F-79°F). This makes them attractive in every month.
Most islands, especially Fuerteventura and Lanzarote in the east, have hot desert or semi-desert climates with little rain. The western islands and higher ground get more moisture, and La Palma, La Gomera, and Tenerife have humid mountain forests. Sea temperatures stay pleasant year-round, averaging about 20.9°C (69.6°F) in Las Palmas, which is good for swimming and water sports. This stable warmth sets the Canaries apart from the rest of Spain.
Temperature and rainfall patterns throughout the year
Spain’s mix of climate zones leads to many different patterns of temperature and rainfall through the year. Seasons can feel very different depending on whether you are in the north, the center, the Mediterranean coast, or the islands. Knowing these patterns helps with travel plans and daily life.
Dry southern summers, wet northern winters, and variable conditions in between shape agriculture, tourism seasons, and local routines.
Average temperatures by season
Spain has clear seasons, but their strength changes by region. In general, spring (March to June) and autumn (September to December) bring the most comfortable temperatures in many areas and are popular for outdoor activities. In Madrid, for example, spring averages around 23º/12ºC (max/min), while autumn averages about 14º/7ºC.
Summers (June to September) are hot and dry in most of the country, with July and August usually the hottest months. Inland and southern regions often see temperatures above 30°C in the day and above 20°C at night. Coastal areas are cooler thanks to the sea. In the north, summers are milder. Winters (December to March) are the coldest period. The south and Mediterranean coasts stay relatively mild-Málaga, for example, has around 18º/8ºC-while inland and on the plateau temperatures drop to 2-4°C at night, with regular frosts. Mountain areas have long, cold, snowy winters.
Rainfall distribution: Wet and dry months
Rainfall is just as varied as temperature. The northern Atlantic coast is the wettest part of Spain, with lots of rain spread over the year, especially from October to April. Santiago de Compostela, for instance, can get more than 1,700 mm of rain annually, with frequent winter downpours. July is usually the driest month in the north, though showers can still occur.
The Mediterranean coasts and much of the interior, on the other hand, have very dry summers. From June to August, rainfall is very low and can be close to zero in places like Murcia and Almería, contributing to semi-arid or desert conditions. These areas get most of their rain in autumn and spring, but totals are still lower than in the north. The central plateau has less and more irregular rain, with slightly wetter winters but with big year-to-year changes. Mountain regions get more precipitation, much of it as snow, which feeds rivers and reservoirs.
Sea temperature around Spanish coasts
Sea temperature also changes around Spain’s long coastline and affects swimming and water sports. On the northern Atlantic coast, from Galicia to the Basque Country, the sea stays cool even in summer. In La Coruña, for example, the water only reaches about 19°C (66°F) in August. Bilbao is a bit warmer, at around 21.5°C (70.5°F) in August.
The Mediterranean Sea is noticeably warmer. From July to September, it is comfortable for swimming, with temperatures around 25°C (77°F) in Barcelona and 26°C (79°F) in Valencia in August. On the Costa del Sol, where Atlantic waters have some effect, sea temperatures still reach about 23°C (73.5°F) in August. Around the Canary Islands, sea temperatures stay around 20.9°C (69.6°F) on average throughout the year, so the water is inviting even in winter. In short, the Atlantic offers cooler, bracing swims, while the Mediterranean and Canary coasts are warmer and better for long dips in the hot months.
What are the record high and low temperatures in Spain?
Spain’s varied climates have produced some extreme temperature records. These highs and lows show how wide the range can be, from intense summer heat in the south to very low winter readings in mountain valleys.
Average values give a general idea, but the records highlight how powerful the country’s weather systems can be.
Hottest and coldest measured temperatures
The official highest temperature ever recorded in Spain is 47.6°C (117.7°F) at La Rambla, Córdoba, on August 14, 2021. Other Andalusian locations, such as Montoro (47.4°C), Córdoba city (46.9°C), and Seville (46.6°C), have also recorded extreme heat, making southern Spain one of the hottest parts of Europe in summer. Even coastal Málaga has reached 44.2°C.
The official lowest temperature is −32.0°C (−25.6°F), recorded at Estany Gento in the province of Lleida on February 2, 1956. Unofficial stations have reported even lower figures, such as −35.8°C (−32.4°F) at Vega de Liordes in the Picos de Europa. Cities on the central plateau can also get very cold: Albacete has seen −24.0°C, and Teruel −21°C. These values show that Spain is far from being warm everywhere in winter, especially in high and inland regions.
Most extreme weather events
Spain also faces different kinds of extreme weather events, shaped by its location and the meeting of Atlantic and Mediterranean air masses. Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and stronger, especially in the south and interior in summer. They pose health risks and make life harder for farmers, who already deal with hot, dry conditions.
Drought is another major problem. Long dry periods affect water supplies, particularly in the already dry southeast. By contrast, the north can suffer from heavy rain, mainly in autumn and winter, which may lead to floods. Along the Mediterranean coast, sudden, intense storms can cause flash flooding. In the mountains, heavy snow and blizzards can occur in winter. Local winds such as the hot, dusty Leveche from North Africa and the cooler Levante wind can bring sharp changes in temperature, humidity, and even dust, especially along Mediterranean shores.
How is climate change impacting Spain?
Spain, like many countries around the Mediterranean, is very exposed to the effects of climate change. Its already warm and dry conditions mean that rising global temperatures hit it hard. Changes in climate are already visible in Spain, and they are raising serious concerns for the future.
The problems range from damage to natural habitats and growing water shortages to health issues and economic pressures. The country is trying to respond with climate and energy policies, but the challenges are large.
Rising temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns
Climate change in Spain shows up mainly as rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. Global temperatures have been climbing for decades, and Europe, including Spain, is warming about twice as fast as the global average. This leads to more frequent and more intense heatwaves, especially in the south and interior. At present, mainland Spain’s average annual temperature ranges from under 2.5°C in the high Pyrenees to over 20°C on some Mediterranean coasts, and these values are expected to keep increasing.
Rainfall is also becoming less predictable. Some regions may get heavier but less frequent storms, while overall yearly totals may fall. This lengthens and worsens droughts, already a regular issue in many parts of Spain, particularly the semi-arid southeast. The classic Mediterranean climate (Csa) and other temperate types seem to be shrinking in area, while semi-arid climates (BSk/BSh) and desert-like zones spread. This shift affects rivers, groundwater, and ecosystems that depend on a certain level of moisture.
Risks and future projections
These changes bring serious risks for Spain. Water, already limited in many regions, may become even scarcer, making life harder for farming, industry, and households. More frequent and longer heatwaves will raise health risks, particularly for children, older people, and those with existing illnesses. They will also increase demand for air conditioning and put pressure on energy systems. Natural systems will change as plants and animals move or disappear, forests face more fires, and some species lose their habitats.
Some projections suggest that semi-arid climate could become the main climate type in Spain by around 2050. This would change the country’s landscapes, farming options, and daily life. In response, Spain is pushing an energy shift toward solar, wind, and other renewable sources, and in 2021 the government approved a climate change and energy law. Public awareness of climate risks is high, and many people support stronger action to limit damage and adapt to future conditions.
When is the best time to visit Spain based on climate?
The best time to visit Spain depends on what you want to do, because the country offers beach weather, cultural city trips, and mountain sports at different times and in different places. Knowing how the climate changes across regions and seasons helps you match your plans to the conditions you prefer.
Whether you are looking for hot sun, mild city breaks, or snow and skiing, there is a good time and place in Spain for most tastes.
Coastal destinations
For beach holidays on the Mediterranean-Costa del Sol, Costa Blanca, Costa Brava-and in the Balearic Islands, July and August are the main months. The weather is hot and sunny, and the sea is at its warmest, ideal for swimming and sunbathing. However, these months are also the most crowded and expensive. If you like slightly cooler temperatures and fewer people, May, June, September, and early October are great alternatives. The weather is still mostly sunny and warm, and the sea usually stays comfortable for swimming. The Costa de la Luz on the Atlantic in the south also has hot, sunny summers, though the Atlantic water is cooler than the Mediterranean.
The Canary Islands are different. Their subtropical climate with “perpetual spring” makes them a good choice all year. Temperatures stay mild and steady, so they are perfect for winter sun trips. Even in December and January, a light jacket is often enough.
Inland cities and mountain areas
For inland cities such as Madrid, Seville, Granada, or Toledo, and for hiking in the mountains, spring (April to June) and autumn (September and October) are usually the best seasons. Temperatures are pleasant and suitable for walking, sightseeing, and outdoor meals without the peak summer heat or winter cold. Madrid is especially nice in May, June, and September. Seville, which can be extremely hot in summer, is more comfortable in April, May, and October.
Mountain regions like the Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, and Sierra de Guadarrama are good for hiking and enjoying cooler air from late spring to early autumn. Summer days in the mountains are sunny but not overly hot and can be a good escape from the heat below. For skiing and snowboarding, December to March is the main season. The Pyrenees usually have the most reliable snow, but the Sierra Nevada also offers high-altitude slopes and long seasons.
Seasonal recommendations for travel
Here is a simple guide to Spain’s seasons for travel planning:
- Spring (March to June): Often the best time for much of Spain. Weather is mild, fairly dry, and sunny in many regions. Good for city trips, cultural visits, and nature walks before the heat. Pack light clothes plus a thin jacket or scarf for evenings and a small umbrella for occasional showers.
- Summer (June to September): Best for beach holidays on the Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands, where it is hot and sunny. Northern Spain offers cooler summers if you dislike strong heat. Inland cities can be very hot; plan sightseeing in the morning and evening. Pack swimwear, light, breathable fabrics, and strong sun protection.
- Autumn (September to December): A very good season, especially in central and southern regions. Temperatures drop to comfortable levels, crowds thin out, and landscapes can be attractive. The north becomes wetter. Pack layers, including warmer tops, a scarf, and a jacket for cooler mornings and nights.
- Winter (December to March): Best for skiing in mountain areas or for enjoying mild weather in the Canary Islands and the far south (around Málaga and coastal Granada). The interior and north are cold, and the north is often wet. Pack warm clothes-sweaters, a coat, and maybe thermal layers for inland and mountain zones-and rain gear for the north.
Common questions about Spain’s climate
Spain’s sunny image often leads people to think the climate is simple, but there are many details that matter for day-to-day life and travel. People planning trips or moves often have specific questions about snow, humidity, and seasonal comfort in different regions.
Getting clear answers to these points helps avoid surprises and makes it easier to prepare the right clothing and plans for each part of the country.
Does it snow in Spain?
Yes, snow is quite common in parts of Spain. While beaches and sunshine are famous, the country also has many mountains and high plateaus that see regular winter snowfalls. The Pyrenees along the French and Andorran border receive plenty of snow, making them a key skiing area. The Cordillera Cantábrica in the north and the Sierra Nevada in the south (where Mulhacén is located) also stay snow-covered for long periods in winter.
Near Madrid, the Sistema Central, especially the Sierra de Guadarrama, offers ski resorts within easy reach of the capital. On the Meseta Central itself, winter temperatures can fall below freezing, and cities like Madrid and Valladolid sometimes get snow, although usually less than in the mountains. The northern oceanic regions also see snow at higher elevations during winter. For reliable snow, the best time is generally from December to March in elevated areas.
How humid is the air in different regions?
Humidity levels change a lot across Spain and affect how hot or cold the air feels. Along the coasts, especially the Mediterranean and the Balearic Islands, humidity tends to be higher, mainly in summer. Sea breezes help, but the mix of heat and moisture can feel heavy or “sticky.” Barcelona, for instance, has quite humid summers, which can feel warmer than the same temperature would in a dry area.
By contrast, the interior, especially the Meseta Central, is much drier. This dry air is one reason very hot days in Madrid or Seville can feel more manageable than equally hot but more humid coastal weather. Even when daytime temperatures soar, cooler, drier nights and higher elevation can feel more comfortable. The northern Atlantic coast, “Green Spain,” stays humid throughout the year, supporting its green landscapes and frequent fog and mist, especially along the northwest shoreline. So whether you prefer dry heat or moist sea air, Spain offers both options in different regions.
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